regional versions of mahabharata

and religious teachings, including discussions on the nature of dharma (duty) Sauptika Parva: This book describes the events that take place Albrecht Weber mentions the Rigvedic tribe of the Bharatas, where a great person might have been designated as Mah-Bhrata. Now answering your question below with requested source: * Pundit Ramaynarayan Shashtri Ji - Gita Press - Sanskrit with Hindi - Six Volumes * Pundit S.D. It has been translated into Along with its basic plot and accounts of numerous myths, the Mahabharata reveals the evolution of Hinduism and its relations with other religions during its composition. Mahabharata is divided into 18 books, or Parvas, which contain a total of over Several episodes from the Mahabharata were translated frequently into other languages, for instance, Gujarati and Bangla. The redaction of this large body of text was carried out after formal principles, emphasizing the numbers 18[28] and 12. performed by Yudhishthira after the war. After further tests of his faithfulness and constancy, he is finally reunited with his brothers and Draupadi, as well as with his enemies, the Kauravas, to enjoy perpetual bliss. The Bengali Mahabharata follows the same basic story as the Kunti shares her mantra with the younger queen Madri, who bears the twins Nakula and Sahadeva through the Ashwini twins. Arjuna's grandson Parikshit rules after them and dies bitten by a snake. Bengal, India. [31], The di-Parva includes the snake sacrifice (sarpasattra) of Janamejaya, explaining its motivation, detailing why all snakes in existence were intended to be destroyed, and why despite this, there are still snakes in existence. New subscribers only. Amended . Shakuni's dice had magic as they were made from the bones of his siblings. Many years later, when King Shantanu goes hunting, he sees Satyavati, the daughter of the chief of fisherman, and asks her father for her hand. The poem also contains descriptions of places of pilgrimages. The materialization of Gandhari's curse, i.e., the infighting between the, The great journey of Yudhishthira, his brothers, and his wife, Yudhishthira's final test and the return of the Pandavas to the spiritual world (, This is an addendum to the 18 books, and covers those parts of the life of Krishna which is not covered in the 18 parvas of the. Utgikar, N. B. The Mahabharata story has been retold in written and oral Sanskrit and vernacular versions throughout South and Southeast Asia. This shows the line of royal and family succession, not necessarily the parentage. This is because a blind man cannot control and protect his subjects. (ed.). The redactors of these additions were probably Pcartrin scholars who according to Oberlies (1998) likely retained control over the text until its final redaction. [14] Within the Indian tradition it is sometimes called the fifth Veda.[15]. Pargiter accordingly estimated 26 generations by averaging 10 different dynastic lists and, assuming 18 years for the average duration of a reign, arrived at an estimate of 850 BCE for Adhisimakrishna, and thus approximately 950 BCE for the Bharata battle. 4. over 100,000 verses. is one of the two major ancient Sanskrit epic poems of India, the other being Mahabharata is one of the greatest epics of India, which has captivated the hearts of its people for several millennia. Bhasa, the 2nd- or 3rd-century CE Sanskrit playwright, wrote two plays on episodes in the Marabharata, Urubhanga (Broken Thigh), about the fight between Duryodhana and Bhima, while Madhyamavyayoga (The Middle One) set around Bhima and his son, Ghatotkacha. After the deaths of their mother (Madri) and father (Pandu), the Pandavas and their mother Kunti return to the palace of Hastinapur. Some noteworthy examples of these additional renderings of the Ramayana tale include: States The Mahabharata is credited to Maharishi Vyas, and the Bharta version has 24,000 poems, but the . Women. [103] From the earlier canonical literature, Antakrddaah (8th cannon) and Vrisnidasa (upangagama or secondary canon) contain the stories of Neminatha (22nd Tirthankara), Krishna and Balarama. [102], Jain versions of Mahbhrata can be found in the various Jain texts like Harivamsapurana (the story of Harivamsa) Trisastisalakapurusa Caritra (Hagiography of 63 Illustrious persons), Pandavacharitra (lives of Pandavas) and Pandavapurana (stories of Pandavas). Translations of the Mahabharata into Tamil were carried out as early as the ninth century by the poet Perundevanar, under the title Bharat Venba, and, later in the fourteenth century, by Villiputhurar. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. They can escape to safety and go into hiding. Both Duryodhana and Yudhishthira claim to be first in line to inherit the throne. As if we were living life for the first time, we blunder about, learning hard lessons as we go, and rarely committing these lessons to memory. He then arranges for the Pandavas and the Queen Mother Kunti to stay there, intending to set it alight. The story is then recited again by a professional storyteller named Ugrarava Sauti, many years later, to an assemblage of sages performing the 12-year sacrifice for the king Saunaka Kulapati in the Naimia Forest. She gives birth to three sons, Yudhishthira, Bhima, and Arjuna, through these gods. Traditionally, the authorship of the Mahbhrata is attributed to Vysa. The core story of the work is that of a dynastic struggle for the throne of Hastinapura, the kingdom ruled by the Kuru clan. [51] John Keay confirms this and also gives 950 BCE for the Bharata battle. Modern historians, however, have attributed a much later date, 1424 B.C or 950 B.C. Mahabharata was written down by Lord Ganesha, but narrated by Maharishi Ved It was further expanded over the years to ~100,000 shlokas and came to be known as Mahabharata. Mahabharata by C. Rajagopalachari There could be many others in english and regional languages. According to what one character says at Mbh. The Mahabharata, which is Sanskrit for a Great Epic of the Bharata Dynasty is indeed a great epic. The Another aspect is that Pini determined the accent of mah-bhrata. of the Hindu epic Mahabharata. B. van Buitenen (books 15) and, following a 20-year hiatus caused by the death of van Buitenen is being continued by several scholars. Finally, the Mahabharata is an [52], Attempts to date the events using methods of archaeoastronomy have produced, depending on which passages are chosen and how they are interpreted, estimates ranging from the late 4th to the mid-2nd millennium BCE. The phenomenal Narayanappa, who came to be recognised as Kumar Vyasa, a poet of great literary prowess, produced the Kannada version of the Mahabharata. However, Ambika and Ambalika send their maid instead, to Vyasa's room. introduction to the epic and describes the birth and childhood of the main There are other such versions of the Mahabharata in existence in India. Mahabharata, (Sanskrit: Great Epic of the Bharata Dynasty) one of the two Sanskrit epic poems of ancient India (the other being the Ramayana). Her father refuses to consent to the marriage unless Shantanu promises to make any future son of Satyavati the king upon his death. to pen the epic. Vyasa. The Mahabharata is an important source of information on the development of Hinduism between 400 bce and 200 ce and is regarded by Hindus as both a text about dharma (Hindu moral law) and a history (itihasa, literally thats what happened). The Kuru family elders and relatives negotiate and broker a split of the kingdom, with the Pandavas obtaining and demanding only a wild forest inhabited by Takshaka, the king of snakes, and his family. [46] The setting of the epic has a historical precedent in Iron Age (Vedic) India, where the Kuru kingdom was the center of political power during roughly 1200 to 800 BCE. adaptations of the Mahabharata, as well as the original Sanskrit version. the Tamil version, known as the "Kamba Ramayana," which is considered to be [8][9], The Mahbhrata is the longest epic poem known and has been described as "the longest poem ever written". Jaya Samhita is the original name versions of Mahabharata, and these are vernacularly diverse. There are soo many people and versions who wrote RAMAYAN AND MAHABHARAT BUT THE FIRST ONE WAS WRITTEN RAMAYAN BY VALMIKI MAHABHARAT NARRATED BY VEDA VYASA AND LORD GANESH WROTE IT SaM V Engineer 1 y Thank you Ramayana and Mahabharata are authored by Maharshi Valmiki and Maharshi Veda Vyasa respectively It tells the story of the Kurukshetra War between two sets of cousins, as well as the destinies of the Kaurava and Pava princes and their descendants. is considered an important work of. Uncompleted projects on the Mahbhrata include one by Rajkumar Santoshi,[100] and a theatrical adaptation planned by Satyajit Ray. Tamil-speaking people in India and Sri Lanka. The Bengali version, known as the "Bengali Mahabharata". The number of translations of various parts of the Mahabharata and their musical or dramatic representations in Indian languages during medieval times, and more so since printing technology transformed literary productions during the last two hundred years, has been phenomenally large. Different sections of the poem express varying beliefs, often in creative tension. This suggestion was accepted by Yudhisthira despite the rest of the Pandavas advising him not to play. Sabha Parva: This book describes the building of a great hall by Of the first kind, there is the direct statement that there were 1015 (or 1050) years between the birth of Parikshit (Arjuna's grandson) and the accession of Mahapadma Nanda (400-329 BCE), which would yield an estimate of about 1400 BCE for the Bharata battle. The dialogue between the two is one of the highlights of the Mahabharata and the instructions imparted by Bhishma give us an immense opportunity to lead better and more fulfilled lives ourselves. Bengal, India. Of the second kind is analyses of parallel genealogies in the Puranas between the times of Adhisimakrishna (Parikshit's great-grandson) and Mahapadma Nanda. control of the kingdom of Hastinapur. Later she is reborn to King Drupada as Shikhandi (or Shikhandini) and causes Bhishma's fall, with the help of Arjuna, in the battle of Kurukshetra. And we seem to arrive on earth with no idea what to make of that responsibility. The first important play of 20th century was Andha Yug (The Blind Epoch), by Dharamvir Bharati, which came in 1955, found in Mahabharat, both an ideal source and expression of modern predicaments and discontent. Bengali Mahabharata is known for its poetic style and vivid descriptions, and Against his wishes Dhritarashtra orders for another dice game. . Starting with Ebrahim Alkazi, it was staged by numerous directors. The first section of the Mahbhrata states that it was Ganesha who wrote down the text to Vyasa's dictation, but this is regarded by scholars as a later interpolation to the epic and the "Critical Edition" doesn't include Ganesha at all.[16]. Finding books will provide you will the pdfs, which are difficult to read from a mobile. [91] Bengali writer and playwright, Buddhadeva Bose wrote three plays set in Mahabharat, Anamni Angana, Pratham Partha and Kalsandhya. This sarpasattra material was often considered an independent tale added to a version of the Mahbhrata by "thematic attraction" (Minkowski 1991), and considered to have a particularly close connection to Vedic (Brahmana) literature. It has also inspired several works of modern Hindi literature, such as Ramdhari Singh Dinkar's Rashmirathi, which is a rendition of Mahabharata centered around Karna and his conflicts. His furious son, Janamejaya, decides to perform a snake sacrifice (sarpasattra) to destroy the snakes. religious thought. The translation is based not on the Critical Edition but on the version known to the commentator Nlakaha. The original version of Jaya as written by Vyasa (or Lord Ganesha* to be precise) or even Bharata has never been found. is one of the two major ancient Sanskrit epic poems of India, the other being Though initially sticking to chivalrous notions of warfare, both sides soon adopt dishonorable tactics. [65] They invite their Kaurava cousins to Indraprastha. It is also believed Scene from Krittivasi Ramayan. 2. It is made up of one hundred thousand verses, which are divided into eighteen parvans or sections, and also includes a supplement entitled the Harivamsha, which means Genealogy of the God Hari. The Mahabharata is actually seven times longer than the renowned Iliad and Odyssey epics combined. Mahabharata Instead, they serve as names of two distinct classes of mighty brothers, who appear nine times in each half of time cycles of the Jain cosmology and rule half the earth as half-chakravartins. place while the warrior Karna is leading the Kaurava army. dharma (righteousness), karma (action), and moksha (liberation), which are It took the scholars at the Bhandarkar Institute in Pune several decades to place this narrative in a sensible textual form by collecting the vast repository of manuscripts from different parts of India, spread over places of traditional learning as apart from each other as Manipur and Madras, Varanasi and Tanjore, Sankheda and Kolkata. and culture. The Indian subcontinent provides us with perhaps the clearest answer to our questions. The kingdoms of Panchala, Dwaraka, Kasi, Kekaya, Magadha, Matsya, Chedi, Pandyas, Telinga, and the Yadus of Mathura and some other clans like the Parama Kambojas were allied with the Pandavas. Then the Pandavas fought the Kauravas, claiming their rights over Indraprastha. The Drona Parva of the Mahabharata begins on the eleventh day of the Mahabharata war. Attended by over 400 people from across the globejournalists, history enthusiasts, writers and studentsthe nearly 23-day course examines all the 18 parvans, such as Adi, Sabha, Aranyaka, Sabha,. It is, in fact, one of the greatest and longest epics in world literature as a whole. Later, Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni wrote a similar novel entitled The Palace of Illusions: A Novel in 2008. 12. [note 2] Another notable difference is the inclusion of the Punakawans, the clown servants of the main characters in the storyline. In the story, one of five brothers asks if the suffering caused by war can ever be justified. These versions would correspond to the addition of one and then another 'frame' settings of dialogues. The Mystery of The Mahabharata (Set of Five Volumes). and is highly revered by the Mahabharata, is one of the most revered. Kashiram Das is said to have drawn inspiration from various other regional [25][26] However, some scholars, such as John Brockington, argue that Jaya and Bharata refer to the same text, and ascribe the theory of Jaya with 8,800 verses to a misreading of a verse in diparvan (1.1.81). Yudhisthira becomes King of Hastinapur and Gandhari curses Krishna that the downfall of his clan is imminent. The 18 Parvas are: 1. This confusion around what we should do is not new. Without looking, Kunti asks them to share whatever Arjuna has won amongst themselves, thinking it to be alms. [10][11] Its longest version consists of over 100,000 loka or over 200,000 individual verse lines (each shloka is a couplet), and long prose passages. He serves as Prime Minister (Mahamantri or Mahatma) to King Pandu and King Dhritarashtra. Above all, the Mahabharata is an exposition of dharma (codes of conduct), including the proper conduct of a king, of a warrior, of an individual living in times of calamity, and of a person seeking to attain moksha (freedom from samsara, or rebirth). Meanwhile, the King of K arranges a swayamvara for his three daughters, neglecting to invite the royal family of Hastinapur. The allies of the Kauravas included the kings of Pragjyotisha, Anga, Kekaya, Sindhudesa (including Sindhus, Sauviras and Sivis), Mahishmati, Avanti in Madhyadesa, Madra, Gandhara, Bahlika people, Kambojas and many others. 18 books, or Parvas, which contain a total of over 100,000 verses. version. Meitei translations and literary adaptations of the Mahabharata, Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, "How did the 'Ramayana' and 'Mahabharata' come to be (and what has 'dharma' got to do with it)? Her brother Shakuni is enraged by this and vows to take revenge on the Kuru family. Vichitravirya, the younger son, rules Hastinapura. This article attempts to make sense of Krsnas actions by analyzing them in terms of categories from Western moral philosophy. During the last few decades, the votaries of oral epic traditions have become rare. 14. This article is about the Sanskrit epic. The birth order of siblings is correctly shown in the family tree (from left to right), except for Vyasa and Bhishma whose birth order is not described, and Vichitravirya and Chitrangada who were born after them. pen it down. 1.1.50, there were three versions of the epic, beginning with Manu (1.1.27), Astika (1.3, sub-Parva 5), or Vasu (1.57), respectively. [38], Several stories within the Mahbhrata took on separate identities of their own in Classical Sanskrit literature. . Vana Parva: The third book describes the Pandavas' exile into the [36], The Greek writer Dio Chrysostom (c.40 c.120 CE) reported that Homer's poetry was being sung even in India. If they are discovered by the Kauravas in the 13th year of their exile, then they will be forced into exile for another 12 years. proposition, Vyasa then sought out Ganesha, the god of insight and knowledge, Some of the well-known regional versions of the Mahabharata include the Tamil version, known as the " Kamba Ramayana ," which is considered to be one of the most important works of Tamil literature and is highly revered by Tamil-speaking people in India and Sri Lanka. However, Pandu and Madri indulge in lovemaking, and Pandu dies. [5] It narrates the struggle between two groups of cousins in the Kurukshetra War and the fates of the Kaurava and the Pava princes and their successors. It was this version which expanded to ~24000 shlokas and came to be known as Bharata. This has led to the Gita often being described as a concise guide to Hindu philosophy and a practical, self-contained guide to life. It has been translated into Stri Parva: The eleventh book describes the women of the is an important part of Indian culture for many reasons. Vysa described it as being itihsa (transl. No such taboo is attached to the Bhagavad Gita, and its copies are acquired and kept in homes. 3. It contains a wealth of knowledge about various aspects of He is born healthy and grows up to be one of the wisest characters in the Mahabharata. [citation needed] There are also some spin-off episodes developed in ancient Java, such as Arjunawiwaha composed in the 11th century. Anushasana Parva: The thirteenth book contains the teachings of The throne is then given to Pandu because of Dhritarashtra's blindness. The enmity and jealousy that develops between the cousins forces the Pandavas to leave the kingdom when their father dies. It is one of the oldest Sanskrit manuscripts found on the. 6. [79] However, it has been described as "not strictly speaking a translation".[80]. Amba becomes enraged and becomes Bhishma's bitter enemy, holding him responsible for her plight. Many condensed versions, abridgments and novelistic prose retellings of the complete epic have been published in English, including works by Ramesh Menon, William Buck, R. K. Narayan, C. Rajagopalachari, Kamala Subramaniam, K. M. Munshi, Krishna Dharma, Romesh C. Dutt, Bharadvaja Sarma, John D. Smith and Sharon Maas. These include the Tamil street theatre, terukkuttu and kattaikkuttu, the plays of which use themes from the Tamil language versions of Mahabharata, focusing on Draupadi.[88]. Prof. Jaini admits a possibility that perhaps because of his popularity, the Jain authors were keen to rehabilitate Krishna. Having bowed down to Narayana and Nara (Arjuna), the most exalted male being, and also to the goddess Saraswati, must the word Jaya be uttered."[41]. Gupta, S. P. and Ramachandran, K. S. It was directed by Ravi Chopra,[98] and was televised on India's national television (Doordarshan). [80] In a review of the seventh volume, Bhattacharya stated that the translator bridged gaps in the narrative of the Critical Edition, but also noted translation errors. And, in this, the Mahabharata has an undisputed pre-eminence over the Ramayana. 17. [32], The Suparkhyna, a late Vedic period poem considered to be among the "earliest traces of epic poetry in India," is an older, shorter precursor to the expanded legend of Garuda that is included in the stka Parva, within the di Parva of the Mahbhrata. Mahabharata 9. The. Current Version: 03/30/23 - Amended Assembly Compared to Version: Bill Start. [96] A 2013 animated adaptation holds the record for India's most expensive animated film.[97]. The Mahabharata revolves around the legendary Bharata war, a war between two sides of a royal family. What then is possible? It was initiated by Indologist J. Outside the Indian subcontinent, in Indonesia, a version was developed in ancient Java as Kakawin Bhratayuddha in the 11th century under the patronage of King Dharmawangsa (9901016)[89] and later it spread to the neighboring island of Bali, which remains a Hindu majority island today. As against the sarpa yagnya in the critical edition, the tribal text depicts Vasuki, the king of serpents, as being far more heroic and triumphant than any of the Kuru heroes. We would like to show you a description here but the site won't allow us. Interestingly enough, Vyasa appears for the first time as the Limited time offer. These versions would correspond to the addition of one and then another 'frame' settings of dialogues. One such work is the long poem Bharath in the Garasiya variety of Bhili spoken in the Banaskantha-Sabarkantha area on the border of Rajasthan and Gujarat. Yudhishthira into heaven and the end of the epic. This places Yudhishthara (and therefore, the Mahabharata war) around 2448-2449 BCE (2526-78). It also contains philosophical and devotional material, such as a discussion of the four "goals of life" or pururtha (12.161). story planned out in his head but knew what an unnerving task it could be to The Pandavas acquire many divine weapons, given by gods, during this period. during their exile. V. S. Khandekar's Marathi novel, Yayati (1960), and Girish Karnad's debut play Yayati (1961) are based on the story of King Yayati found in the Mahabharat. The Mauryan . Sri Mahabharatha- Adi Parva and Sabha Parva (An Old and Rare Book). The Mahbhrata was also reinterpreted by Shyam Benegal in Kalyug. However, the arrow hits the sage Kindama, who was engaged in a sexual act in the guise of a deer. death of Krishna and the end of the Yadava dynasty. religious thought. "[19] Moritz Winternitz (Geschichte der indischen Literatur 1909) considered that "only unpoetical theologists and clumsy scribes" could have lumped the parts of disparate origin into an unordered whole.[20]. There have been many attempts to unravel its historical growth and compositional layers. The Mahbhrata mentions that Karna, the Pandavas, Draupadi and Dhritarashtra's sons eventually ascended to svarga and "attained the state of the gods", and banded together "serene and free from anger". The Mahbhrata (/mhbrt, mh-/ m-HAH-BAR--t, MAH-h-;[1][2][3][4] Sanskrit: , Mahbhratam, pronounced[mabartm]) is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India in Hinduism, the other being the Rmyaa. No other epic anywhere in the world has so substantially been an integral part of a peoples emotional life as this epic. - ( ): Shanti Parva of Mahabharata Translated by Shripad Damodar Satwalekar (Set of 2 Volumes). Support Scroll.in 1.1.50, there were three versions of the epic, beginning with Manu (1.1.27), Astika (1.3, sub-Parva 5), or Vasu (1.57), respectively. Virata Parva: This book describes the Pandavas' stay in the kingdom It was composed in the 15th century by the poet After this the swayamvara is opened to the Brahmins leading Arjuna to win the contest and marry Draupadi. Some of these may be seen in a publication put together by Ashok Kumar Das in 1985, called Paintings of the Razmnama: The Book of War. Vyasa appears for the Bharata Dynasty is indeed a Great epic Pandavas fought Kauravas... Pratham Partha and Kalsandhya by numerous directors and protect his subjects into hiding traditionally, the,. Downfall of his clan is imminent writer and playwright, Buddhadeva Bose wrote three plays set in Mahabharat, Angana. Like to show you a description here but the site won & # x27 t... End of the epic enough, Vyasa appears for the Pandavas and the Queen Mother Kunti to stay there intending! 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Control and protect his subjects Drona Parva of the Yadava Dynasty, intending set... Expanded to ~24000 shlokas and came to be known as the original name versions of Mahabharata, which difficult... Dhritarashtra 's blindness epics in world literature as a whole a 2013 animated holds... Of Mahabharata, which are difficult to read from a mobile enraged and becomes Bhishma 's bitter enemy, him... As Bharata these gods unravel its historical growth and compositional layers bitten by a snake sacrifice ( sarpasattra ) destroy! Bhima, and its copies are acquired and kept in homes this suggestion was accepted by Yudhisthira despite the of! Allow us this, the King of Hastinapur Duryodhana and Yudhishthira claim to be alms world as. Copies are acquired and kept in homes descriptions of places of pilgrimages - ( ): Shanti Parva Mahabharata! Being described as a concise guide to Hindu philosophy and a practical, self-contained guide to Hindu and! 'S bitter enemy, holding him responsible for her plight answer to our questions regional languages their instead. Is imminent won & # x27 ; t allow us, Vyasa appears for the Bharata battle Dhritarashtra blindness! The kingdom when their father dies have become rare being described as `` not speaking. Shlokas and came to be alms ( set of 2 Volumes ) adaptation holds the for... Curses Krishna that the downfall of his clan is imminent invite the royal family Indraprastha... Pandavas to leave the kingdom when their father dies begins on the Critical Edition but on the version to! And came to be known as the & quot ; Bengali Mahabharata & quot Bengali. Were made from the bones of his popularity, the Mahabharata, as well as the quot! Or Parvas, which contain a total of over 100,000 verses leading the army! By Satyajit Ray Arjuna 's grandson Parikshit rules after them and dies bitten by a sacrifice! Bengali Mahabharata is actually seven times longer than the renowned Iliad and Odyssey epics combined snake sacrifice sarpasattra... Are vernacularly diverse and go into hiding [ 96 ] a 2013 animated adaptation holds the record India. As Arjunawiwaha composed in the story, one of the oldest Sanskrit manuscripts found on the Critical Edition but the... Separate identities of their own in Classical Sanskrit literature Gita, and Arjuna, through these.... Then the Pandavas fought the Kauravas, claiming their rights over Indraprastha while the Karna. Ebrahim Alkazi, it was this version which expanded to ~24000 shlokas and came to be as! Animated adaptation holds the record for India 's most expensive animated film. [ 97 ] which are difficult read. A novel in 2008 confusion around what we should do is not new of. This places Yudhishthara ( and therefore, the Mahabharata begins on the Kuru family they invite their Kaurava to. Perhaps because of his clan is imminent 15 ] theatrical adaptation planned by Satyajit.. War between two sides of a royal family of Hastinapur then the Pandavas fought Kauravas. Subcontinent provides us with perhaps the clearest answer to our questions Amended Compared! Also gives 950 BCE for the Pandavas fought the Kauravas, claiming their over... Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content of a deer allow us the story one...

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