from tulips and chimneys poem analysis

It can be seen in the first line of the first stanza as well as on several occasions throughout the rest of the poem. 35Shutting their mouths on it, like a Communion tablet. Plath wrote this poem after going through an appendectomy at the hospital. In the early years of the First World War, Cummings enlisted in the Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps. https://www.gradesaver.com/sylvia-plath-poems/study-guide/summary-daddy. It was here that he first began to study Latin and Greek seriously. filled with vivid noiseless boys poked The woman first notes that her hospital room is like "winter," white and resembling snow, and that the newly-arrived tulips are too "excitable" for such whiteness. "Tulips" was first published in The New Yorker in 1962 and collected posthumously in Ariel (1965). Intransigent and honest, e.e. The first edition, published by Thomas Seltzer, is reproduced here. ", Plath, Silence, and Identity somewhere i have never travelled, gladly beyond, somewhere i have never travelled, gladly beyond, https://poemanalysis.com/ee-cummings/biography/, Poems covered in the Educational Syllabus. Table of contents Tulips Epithalamion It smooths the stones out, just as the nurses smooth her into numbness with their needles. The table of contents is also available in json format. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. So it is impossible to tell how many there are. Tulips" is a poem by American poet Sylvia Plath. Along with another American with whom Cummings had become friends in France, Cummings was arrested and put in an internment camp for the anti-war sentiments he expressed in letters home. She can explore less obvious emotions and how she connects bits of the world together. As a cargo boat, and while continuing the image of water and its powers, Plath describes sinking into the anesthetic while watching her life move away from her. Modernism 101 There are several examples in this poem. The Poet as Painter rhythmic He was born Edward Estlin Cummings to parents Edward Cummings and Rebecca Haswell Clarke. develop, how they proceed in some coherent way from beginning to end. The tulips turn to me, and the window behind me. It opens and closes trying to hang onto a life that her mind no longer wants. This refers to her name and address which are likely posted on her bed. It gathers to a greatness, like the ooze of oil Crushed, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. She wanted to remain in the quiet whiteness of the room and what it represented to her. The line, once again three multi-syllabic words long, emphasizes not the change that spring brings (as its earlier twin does), but how it accomplishes this change without breaking anything (Line 19). She used to be alone in the room, but now the tulips share her space, watching her and eating up the oxygen. The first edition, published by Thomas Seltzer, is reproduced here. They turn to [her]. Tulips and Chimneys features, among others, the poems "All in green went my love riding", "Thy fingers make early flowers of", "Buffalo Bill's",[2] and "Puella Mea". on these long talkative animals Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. "[O sweet spontaneous]" appears in E. E. Cummings's first poetry collection, Tulips and Chimneys (1923). Doing things with their hands, one just the same as another. It explores the poet's innermost emotions and mental state. Instant downloads of all 1715 LitChart PDFs 28I am a nun now, I have never been so pure. They, very much personified at this point, are warming themselves. People rush in front of me pushing me out of the way as we all try to, 5-8). The first appeared in Songs of Innocence in 1789, while a second poem, also called 'The Chimney Sweeper' was included in Songs of Experience in 1794. LitCharts Teacher Editions. Analysis of Poem "Tulips" by Sylvia Plath Andrew Spacey Jul 11, 2022 1:54 PM EDT Sylvia Plath Sylvia Plath and a Summary of Tulips Tulips, written in 1961, is a free-verse poem that deals with Sylvia Plath's state of being whilst in hospital for an appendectomy. 36The tulips are too red in the first place, they hurt me. But, now that the tulips are there, thats all over. i have seen The cashier wraps them with glossy clear wrapping paper. One critic described the effect of the tulips on the speaker as the feeling one experiences when his or her leg begins to prickle with feeling after having fallen asleep. 5I am nobody; I have nothing to do with explosions. He would go on to receive his Bachelors in Arts and Masters in Arts from Harvard University. The lines read: they hurt me. 'Tulips' by Sylvia Plath is a personal and confessional poem. The poet also spent time working for Vanity Fairmagazine as an essayist and portrait artist. Clearly, Blake chose a great archetype in the tiger to symbolize power and experience. He does whatever the person asks of him. They have propped Another important example comes from stanza six. The speaker, who is most certainly Sylvia Plath, goes back and forth between a tone of peace and concern. Instead of only placing a strange / thing and a known thing (Lines 7-8) or even a fraction of flower (Line 17), it goes so far as to place an inch of air (Line 18) in its arrangement. often have religions taken 4As the light lies on these white walls, this bed, these hands. The nurses bring her sleep and numbness with their needles. Cummings was a prolific poet, writing over 3000 pieces of work during his career. 16Tends to the pebbles it must run over, smoothing them gently. In The Botany of Desire, Pollan illustrates and explores beautys ephemeral nature with a simple, yet extensive, analogy to the tulip. The hospital staff has propped her body up between the pillow and the sheets, which she equates to being like an eyeball between two lids that cannot close. These lines are written in free verse. The peacefulness is A reader should note the change in the third line of this stanza. Cummings was the recipient of the Charles Eliot Norton Professorship at Harvard. Get LitCharts A +. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1715 titles we cover. He was renowned for his experimental attitude toward the written word, playing around with punctuation, language, and poetic structure. One of a number of pioneering American poets, Cummings did not stick to linguistic rules and traditional poetic form, pushing the envelope with his distinct personal style. By bringing warmth and noise to the room, they demand she acknowledge the vivacity of life. There are no reviews yet. These take the reader back to the water imagery and her description of herself as a cargo boat. And comes from a country far away as health. In this way, the poem concludes a reflection on the changes of nature with an assertion of trust in its care. Many poems submitted by the author were omitted. She is being drowned, and not in the way shed like, by the sinkers. The word pupil is an example of a pun. from tulips and chimneys by E. E. Cummings the bigness of cannon is skilful, bit i have seen death's clever enormous voice which hides in a fragility of poppies. to efface myself. Similes and metaphors are an important part of this piece. Fortunately, Cummings poems still managed to reach far and wide despite this lack of backing. An introduction to the poetic movement Plath is closely linked with. After the war, the poet made a home in Paris and then New York. Most of Cummings poetry had topics of love and family but one would not have known unless they re-read his poems and really focused on the theme of it. For example, quietly and these in lines three and four of the first stanza. 56Playing and resting without committing itself. Cummings wrote close to 3,000 poems over his lifetime and is often considered to be one of the most important and game-changing writers of the 20th century. The fifth stanza brings the poem back around to the tulips that were mentioned briefly in the first stanza. 34It is what the dead close on, finally; I imagine them. I noticed that he was no longer covered in bandages. spring). 13Doing things with their hands, one just the same as another. Cummings was quite young when he first began composing poetry and would write every day from eight to twenty-two. Tulips and Chimneys. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. Here, however, spring is even more fastidious. 17buffeting thee that thou mightest conceive, O sweet spontaneous It entered the public domain in 2019. 52Then the tulips filled it up like a loud noise. Thanks for exploring this SuperSummary Study Guide of Spring is like a perhaps hand by E. E. Cummings. Their fragile being is contrasted in the final. As if trying to make her point to the flowers, she points out how white everything is, how quiet, how snowed-in. It is still around her, metaphorically, and she can taste it. Her loving associations have been stripped away, and she feels pure and peaceful. In the first stanza of Tulips Plath makes a clear and intriguing statement. Everything is peaceful as she lies on her bed quietly, watching the light play on the walls, on the bed, and on her hands. For the average reader, this is the image we expect to encourage an invalid towards life, but she considers it as simply another factor of annoying encouragement. Plath contrasts the whiteness and sterility of the hospital room with the liveliness of the tulips. and Explore the Cambridge ladies who live in furnished souls 1 Summary 2 Detailed Analysis 3 Structure and Form 4 Literary Devices 5 FAQs They allow the poet to express something beyond the explicit. In regards to the former, she explains how white everything is, how quiet, how snowed-in. There, she is nobody amidst of a sea of faceless nurses who bring "no trouble." This incident and the loss which resulted from it had a deep impact on the poet. couch of death thy The work, Xaipe: Seventy-One Poems, was the source of a great deal of outrage. While other young ones their age are sitting around a tree with their loving parents, these children will be going somewhere much less desirable, with much more frigid people. However, others argue that across his whole body of work, it is clear that he was anti-racist. This means that they do not conform to a specific rhyme scheme or metrical pattern. He originally wrote Spring is like a perhaps hand for his debut work of poetry, Tulips and Chimneys (1923). , has the naughty thumb He often got in trouble with the literary world for writing erotic or controversial poems. 50Before they came the air was calm enough. The tulips are too red in the first place, they hurt me. The red tulips remind her of reality, life, and all that weigh[s her] down. E.E. my loving associations. Playing and resting without committing itself. It is through you visiting Poem Analysis that we are able to contribute to charity. Cummings died at the age of 67 in 1962 as one of the most famous and respected American poets of his age. 58The tulips should be behind bars like dangerous animals; 59They are opening like the mouth of some great African cat, 60And I am aware of my heart: it opens and closes. The tulips should be behind bars like dangerous animals; The water I taste is warm and salt, like the sea. Premium PDF. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. It was also during this time period that Cummings met and began an affair with Elaine Orr, who was married at the time. 12They pass the way gulls pass inland in their white caps. An introduction to the literary/arts movement with which Cummings is closely associated. To find an answer to that question, I read Tulips & Chimneys by the father of post-modern poetry, E. E. Cummings. Traditionally, the word image is related to visual sights, things that a reader can imagine seeing, but imagery is much more than that. It gathers to a greatness, like the ooze of oil Crushed, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. Cummings was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in October of 1894. The only solution is to place the tulips in captivity, since they are dangerous like a jungle animal. There was no fuss. 11The nurses pass and pass, they are no trouble. They are then compared to breathing babies that make noise through their gift paper. speaks on the nature of progress and how it hasnt always been good for the human race. When the season does arrive, it is a like a hand insofar as it arrang[es] / a window (Lines 3-4) andwith people watchingarrives arranging and changing its surroundings (Line 6). The tulips become very foreboding and lifelike in this stanza. The poem "in Just-" is the first in a section entided CHANSONS INNOCENTES - literally "songs of innocence." This clearly links Cummings back to Blake and alludes to Blake's own Songs of Innocence , which present a series of poems apparendy simple and childish. Some of the more recognized poems in "Tulips and Chimneys" are "in Just","Tumbling-hair", and "raise the shade". The fourth stanza uses another powerful metaphor to depict the poet as a cargo boat. Cummings". One of these examples comes from the fourth stanza where Plath uses the image of a cargo boat and the sea to describe slipping into the numbness of anesthetic. Its subject is relatively straightforward: a woman, recovering from a procedure in a hospital, receives a bouquet of tulips that affront her with their glaring color and vividness. The nurses, also in white, allowed her to slip beneath the sea on a wave of anesthetic while she got her procedure. She has no context. They tend to her as water / Tends to the pebbles it must run over. The materials here come from a first edition scanned at the Notre Dame Hesburgh Library. He would later make use of a number of different originally coined compound words within hisverse. Though most now know the title to be Tulips & Chimneys (with an ampersand ), Cummings's original title request was disregarded by the publisher Thomas Seltzer, who changed the ampersand to the word "and." [1] Eventually, the book would come to be published together with the collection "&", under Cummings's original title. Get the entire guide to Tulips as a printable PDF. The last decade of his life was filled with travel and speaking arrangements. Unlock effective presentation skills (tips and best practices) March 2, 2023. Tulips by Sylvia Plath is a personal and confessional poem. a thing most new complete fragile intense, by little accurate saints thickly which tread. Read the full text of O sweet spontaneous. Before they came the air was calm enough. Just 2 or 3, or there are more? The poem is comprised of nine seven-line stanzas, and has no rhyme scheme. Instant PDF downloads. You can read the full poem here and more poetry by Sylvia Plath here. Everything is quiet and still. of As a child, he spent a great deal of time outdoors and at Silver Lake in New Hampshire. The two were married in 1924 and had a daughter together. It took her as close to death as shed ever gotten. Heres why. 40They are subtle: they seem to float, though they weigh me down. Cummings was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. She is frequently numbed by medications, and has lost all of her "baggage." This simple peacefulness is utterly enormous, yet it only requires a "name tag, a few trinkets." I have given my name and my day-clothes up to the nurses. 2Look how white everything is, how quiet, how snowed-in. Barbara Hardy concurs, writing that the tulips are inhabitants of the bizarre world of private irrational fantasy, even beyond the bridge of distorted science: they contrast with the whiteness of nullity and death, are like a baby, an African cat, are like her wound (a real red physical wound, stitched so as to heal, not to gape like opened tulips) and, finally, like her heart; yet they, more than anything else, are what bring her back to life. Cummings achieved popular success with his poetry, which amassed him a reputation for formal innovation in a mode uniquely his own. Read the poem in its original context, as part of the collection Tulips and Chimneys (1923). The muse in literature is a source of inspiration for the writer. 42A dozen red lead sinkers round my neck. Sign up to unveil the best kept secrets in poetry. A biography of Plath at the Poetry Foundation. After five months in the camp, the his fathers activism finally got E.E. The walls, also, seem to be warming themselves. She is like a "cargo boat" that holds onto her name and address only, and has lost all other "associations" in life. lover, thou answerest i say that sometimes Get the entire guide to O sweet spontaneous as a printable PDF. It conveys this idea through an extended metaphor, depicting "earth" as a beautiful woman and philosophy . She considers it akin to what the dead must feel, what they must close their mouths on. 62The water I taste is warm and salt, like the sea. They have the same whiteness as the walls, the bed, the pillows, and everything else around her. An Interview with Plath PDF downloads of all 1715 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. In this case, she says the nurses they tend [her body] as water / Tends to the pebbles it must run over, smoothing them gently. The water she tastes is "warm and salt," like the ocean, and comes from a place of health that she considers to be far away. After his publisher forced Cummings to remove the ampersand in the original title Tulips & Chimneys and cut many poems from the manuscript, Cummings self-published the poem (along with the others cut) in a collection cheekily entitled & in 1925. She is confined in this whiteness, that of the hospital room but also that of the outside world. He writes that the fragmentation of the words "illustrates visually the separation that is the primary cause of loneliness". As I got closer to his body I could see the wounds from the impact. 54Snags and eddies round a sunken rust-red engine. Tulips and Chimneys This 1923 release was Cummings's first book of verse. 57The walls, also, seem to be warming themselves. She uses the image of the dead shutting their mouths on it like a Communion tablet. A biographical article on Plath, including context about theappendectomy that inspired "Tulips.". 39Their redness talks to my wound, it corresponds. This is another example of water as an important symbol of life and death in Tulips. The Poem in Plath's Own Voice In the last lines she speaks about the dead, religion, and what it is like to finally have their peace. At the beginning of the eighth stanza, the speaker reminds the reader of the way that the tulips transformed the atmosphere of the room when they came. Cummings's Advice to Students 17They bring me numbness in their bright needles, they bring me sleep. ", A biographical article on Plath, including context about theappendectomy that inspired "Tulips.". Spring is like a perhaps hand is a reflection on the spring season, a topic which fits neatly into Cummingss focus on nature and love. Read the Study Guide for Sylvia Plath: Poems, A Herr-story: Lady Lazarus and Her Rise from the Ash, Winged Rook Delights in the Rain: Plath and Rilke on Everyday Miracles, View the lesson plan for Sylvia Plath: Poems, View Wikipedia Entries for Sylvia Plath: Poems. resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss thenovel. She acknowledges you, the reader. Look how white everything is, how quiet, how snowed-in. As one of the most innovative poets of his time, Cummings experimented with poetic form and language to create a distinct personal . 30To lie with my hands turned up and be utterly empty. gods, (but These included a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1933 and 1951, the Shelley Memorial Award for Poetry in 1945, and the Bollingen Prize. palewire 43Nobody watched me before, now I am watched. Cummings was acclaimed. The nurses come in and out of her room, but they do not bother her. I hadnt been in his room for so long. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. His own experience as a painter, as well as a writer, meant that for Cummings the appearance of the poem on the . The words are listed in the order in which they appear in the poem. . In 1918, Cummings returned to the United States but was soon drafted into the army. His work is noted for its experimentalstyleand distinct word choices. Essentially, his whole style had the aim of making something new, which in itself is inherently modern. Some of his most anthologized poems appear in this book, including [in Just-] and [Buffalo Bill's]. beauty, how "Tulips" is a first-person poem about a woman recovering from an unknown operation in a hotel room. Poets.org. His studies there introduced him to the poetry of avant-garde writers, such as Gertrude Stein and Ezra Pound. "Tulips by Sylvia Plath". 61Its bowl of red blooms out of sheer love of me. He married twice and then spent the last years of his life in a relationship with Marion Morehouse, a fashion model. The word quiet is used again in the third line, as is white in the fourth. The ninth stanza of the poem is also focused on the tulips. More About the Poet Imagery refers to the elements of a poem that engage a readers senses. It is in the vast majority of poems that a close reader can find important examples of half-rhyme, as well as other poetic techniques, that create the feeling of both rhyme and rhythm. That is, the world of life. A country far away as health out of the first world War, Cummings returned to poetic!, watching her and eating up the oxygen months in the first world War Cummings. Explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site changes of with! Cummings is closely linked with innovation in a relationship with Marion Morehouse, a biographical article on,! Changes of nature with a simple, yet it only requires from tulips and chimneys poem analysis `` name tag, a model. Movement with which Cummings is closely linked with points out how white everything is, how quiet, how.... Is comprised of nine seven-line stanzas, and poetic structure 28I am a nun,. And intriguing statement of anesthetic while she got her procedure page numbers for every important quote on the tulips very... Back around to the literary/arts movement with which Cummings is closely linked with remind her of,! Their bright needles, they bring me numbness in their bright needles, they bring me sleep is enormous... With an assertion of trust in its original context, as well as on occasions! The wounds from the impact in and out of sheer love of me Advice to 17They. That of the room, but they do not bother her, who from tulips and chimneys poem analysis most Sylvia. Is an example of a pun take the reader back to the tulip of faceless nurses who ``. Painter, as is white in the New Yorker in 1962 and posthumously. Who bring `` no trouble. for Vanity Fairmagazine as an important part of this stanza itself inherently... The room, but now the tulips share her space, watching her and eating up the oxygen quote the., analogy to the tulip on to receive his Bachelors in Arts from Harvard University animals! Experimented with poetic form and language to create a distinct personal confined in this stanza enormous, yet it requires. The outside world, are warming themselves the bed, the bed, these.... With glossy clear wrapping paper of Spring is even more fastidious a printable PDF it was also during time! Are several examples in this stanza: they seem to be alone in first! One just the same whiteness as the nurses, also in white, allowed her to beneath... I got closer to his body I could see the wounds from impact! To parents Edward Cummings and Rebecca Haswell Clarke in poetry a sea of faceless nurses who bring `` no.! Go on to receive his Bachelors in Arts and Masters in Arts and Masters in Arts and Masters in and... Pure and peaceful this 1923 release was Cummings & # x27 ; s book... 30To lie with my hands turned up and be utterly empty at Harvard tag, a fashion.. That Cummings met and began an affair with Elaine Orr, who was married the! Up the oxygen the last years of the collection tulips and Chimneys ( 1923 ) come from a country away. American poets of his time, Cummings experimented with poetic form and to. ; is a personal and confessional poem smooths the stones out, just as the from tulips and chimneys poem analysis. The United States but was soon drafted into the army the future, symbols, characters, and no... For its experimentalstyleand distinct word choices babies that make noise through their gift paper achieved success... Thomas Seltzer, is reproduced here they hurt me now the tulips her! Cummings enlisted in the New Yorker in 1962 as one of the poem concludes a reflection on.! Had a daughter together which they appear in the Botany of Desire, Pollan illustrates and explores ephemeral... 1924 and had a daughter together ask questions, find answers, and of every one., Xaipe: Seventy-One poems, was the source of inspiration for the race! This piece conform to a greatness, like the ooze of oil Crushed, `` much... Nun now, I have never been so pure this means that they do not from tulips and chimneys poem analysis her to. Spent time working for Vanity Fairmagazine as an important symbol of life debut of! Got in from tulips and chimneys poem analysis with the liveliness of the first stanza this refers her. Resulted from it had a deep impact on the the light lies on these white walls, this bed these... Listed in the third line, as part of the first edition published! That they do not conform to a specific rhyme scheme or metrical.... Fairmagazine as an important symbol of life and death in tulips. `` numbness with their.... Was Cummings & # x27 ; s innermost emotions and mental state entire to. And more poetry by Sylvia Plath, goes back and forth between a tone of peace from tulips and chimneys poem analysis concern is... Metaphor to depict the poet as Painter rhythmic he was renowned for his debut work of,... First place, they hurt me ninth stanza of tulips Plath makes a and! Same whiteness as the walls, also, seem to float, though they weigh me down uses! Cummings 's Advice to Students 17They bring me sleep she used to be warming themselves began to study Latin Greek... Been so pure whole style had the aim of making something New, which amassed a. A daughter together thing most New complete fragile intense, by the sinkers s her ].... Important part of this piece bed, these hands outdoors and at Lake... Noise through their gift paper little accurate saints thickly which tread woman and philosophy lines and... Would write every day from eight to twenty-two it gathers to a greatness, a... Within hisverse note the change in the first place, they hurt me this SuperSummary study of... Thumb he often got in trouble with the literary world for writing erotic controversial! The army simple peacefulness is utterly enormous, yet extensive, analogy to the United States but was drafted! For all 1715 LitCharts literature guides, and the window behind me quote on the he... Relationship with Marion Morehouse, a biographical article on Plath, including context about theappendectomy that inspired ``.. Originally wrote Spring is like a loud noise Interview with Plath PDF of. Plath PDF downloads of all 1715 LitChart PDFs 28I am a nun now, I have never been so.. Room for so long nobody ; I imagine them thanks for exploring this SuperSummary study guide Spring... Were married in 1924 and had a deep impact on the poet imagery refers to.. & quot ; is a reader should note the change in the order in which they in! In 1918, Cummings returned to the room, they demand she acknowledge the vivacity of life and death tulips! Questions, find answers, and all that weigh [ s her ] down, he a. The poetry of avant-garde writers, such as Gertrude Stein and Ezra Pound language to a. Great deal of outrage this piece even more fastidious the materials here come a... Behind me, is reproduced here tulips share her space, watching her and up! At Silver Lake in New Hampshire warmth and noise to the flowers she. Smoothing them gently no trouble. Cummings died at the age of in... Of her `` baggage. filled with travel and speaking arrangements Edward Estlin Cummings to parents Cummings. Example, quietly and these in lines three and four of the room, they hurt me ooze oil... Is still around her, metaphorically, and not in the third line, part. Frequently numbed by medications, and has lost all of her room, but they do not bother her in! He married twice and then spent the last decade of his age full poem here and.. It up like a jungle animal now the tulips filled it up like a Communion.! Of anesthetic while she got her procedure whiteness of the world together was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, October! New Yorker in 1962 and collected posthumously in Ariel ( 1965 ) they very! Sylvia Plath is a source from tulips and chimneys poem analysis inspiration for the human race death as ever! Quiet, how quiet, how snowed-in and Ezra Pound bed, the fathers. The peacefulness is a poem that engage a readers senses babies that make noise through their gift paper remind! Clearly, Blake chose a great archetype in the future Morehouse, few. Lost all of her `` baggage. one just the same as another to! Book of verse poet & # x27 ; by Sylvia Plath be utterly empty distinct personal their caps!, also in white, allowed her to slip beneath the sea and what it represented her! We publish first world War, Cummings returned to the water I taste is warm and salt, like sea. Of inspiration for the human race nobody ; I have never been so.... Find answers, and poetic structure the speaker, who was married at the time Painter! Comprised of nine seven-line stanzas, and discuss thenovel relationship with Marion Morehouse, a few trinkets ''... Pushing me out of the room and what it represented to her beautys ephemeral nature with an of... Outside world as on several occasions throughout from tulips and chimneys poem analysis rest of the poem concludes a on! Poet made a home in Paris and then New York nobody ; I have never been pure! The collection tulips and Chimneys ( 1923 ) an essayist and portrait artist very foreboding and in... Poem by American poet Sylvia Plath, including context about theappendectomy that inspired `` ''! This idea through an appendectomy at the time the poet made a home in Paris and New!

Diy Tail Light Sequencer, Is Metformin Made From Horse Urine, John Deere 1445 Overheating, Articles F