origin of nigeria

On December 31, 1983, the military overthrew the Second Republic. Only five political parties were approved by the regime and voter turnout for local elections in December 1997 was under 10%. Olutayo C. Adesina, "Teaching History in Twentieth-Century Nigeria: the Challenges of Change,", Queen Elizabeth II was monarch of Nigeria and head of state, overthrew the NPC-NNDP government and assassinated the prime minister and the premiers of the northern and western regions, massacre of thousands of Ibo in the north, "The Nri Kingdom (900AD - Present): Rule by theocracy", "Historic regions from 5th century BC to 20th century", "Historical Legacies | Religious Literacy Project", "The Transatlantic Slave Trade | Religious Literacy Project", "When I Remember Nigeria, I Remember Democracy! In response, petroleum workers called a strike demanding that Abacha release Abiola and hand over power to him. He later attempted to renege on this decision, but without popular and military support, he was forced to hand over to Ernest Shonekan, a prominent nonpartisan businessman. The areas of these countries primarily inhabited by the Yoruba are often collectively referred to as Yorubaland. As of January 2010, he was still abroad. [84] The name Federal Republic of Nigeria was restored on 31 August 1966. Nigerian History since early period till Colonial era January 2019 Authors: Tatiana Voloshina Belgorod State University Discover the world's research Content uploaded by Tatiana Voloshina Author. Characteristic landforms in this region include oxbow lakes, river meander belts (see meander), and prominent levees. However, on June 12, 2018, General Muhammadu Buhari, as president, announced a shift in this date from May 29 to June 12, as from the year 2019. The source of the Aro Confederacy's economic dominance was based on the judicial oracle of Ibini Ukpabi ("Long Juju") and their military forces which included powerful allies such as Ohafia, Abam, Ezza, and other related neighboring states. Outline Map. The Akintola faction argued that the Yoruba peoples were losing their pre-eminent position in business in Nigeria to people of the Igbo tribe because the Igbo-dominated NCNC was part of the governing coalition and the AG was not. trace the origin of News Agency of Nigeria discuss the functions of NAN and the services rendered by the agency. The mouth of this head is slightly open. It was very modern, however, in the sources used. With over 12 years of direct political experience in a terrain dominated by men, Senator Tinubu's tenure as first lady will be one of a kind. [3] Islam reached Nigeria through the Bornu Empire between (1068 AD) and Hausa States around (1385 AD) during the 11th century,[4][5][6][7] while Christianity came to Nigeria in the 15th century through Augustinian and Capuchin monks from Portugal. On 1 October 1954, the colony became the autonomous Federation of Nigeria. Nigeria is bordered to the north by Niger, to the east by Chad and Cameroon, to the south by the Gulf of Guinea of the Atlantic Ocean, and to the west by Benin. During the 16th century, the Songhai Empire reached its peak, stretching from the Senegal and Gambia rivers and incorporating part of Hausaland in the east. The Kingdom of Nri was a religio-polity, a sort of theocratic state, that developed in the central heartland of the Igbo region. [94] Abacha dissolved all democratic institutions and replaced elected governors with military officers. Nigeria is bordered to the north by Niger, to the east by Chad and Cameroon, to the south by the Gulf of Guinea of the Atlantic Ocean, and to the west by Benin. Nigeria as a nation has a rich and complex history which can be traced to when it first became a British protectorate in 1901. [14] Nigeria became a republic again after a new constitution was written in 1979. The monarch of Nigeria was still head of state but legislative power was vested in a bicameral parliament, executive power in a prime minister and cabinet, and judicial authority in a Federal Supreme Court. The neighboring Awka city-state rose in power as a result of their powerful Agbala oracle and metalworking expertise. This name was coined on 8 January 1897, by the British journalist Flora Shaw, who later married Frederick Lugard, a British colonial administrator. Aro and Abiriba cooperated to become a powerful economic force.[64]. The school's output appears in the "Ibadan History Series."[111]. Major Emmanuel Ifeajuna fled to Kwame Nkrumah's Ghana where he was welcomed as a hero. The initiation rite of a new king shows that the ritual process of becoming Ezenri (Nri priest-king) follows closely the path traced by the hero in establishing the Nri kingdom. Neither Abacha nor Abubakar lifted the decree suspending the 1979 constitution, and the 1989 constitution was not implemented. History. In an attempt to alleviate such problems Abubakar's government implemented a civil service pay raise and other reforms. This led to an increase in trans-Saharan Trade. Women, for example, continued to exercise considerable political influence. The Nigerian Civil War led some to question whether Nigeria was, in fact, a unified nation with a national history. The Sokoto Plains and the Borno Plains are located in the northwestern and northeastern corners of the country respectively. Efforts to eliminate or control these religious leaders only heightened the tensions, setting the stage for jihad. The Sokoto Plains lie in the northwestern corner of the country, while the Borno Plains in the northeastern corner extend as far as the Lake Chad basin. The University of Ibadan was the first university to open in Nigeria, and its scholars set up the history departments at most of Nigeria's other universities, spreading the Ibadan historiography. With the country sliding into chaos Defense Minister Sani Abacha assumed power and forced Shonekan's resignation on 17 November 1993. Their nearest linguistic relatives are the Igala who live on the opposite side of the Niger's divergence from the Benue, and from whom they are believed to have split about 2,000 years ago. In 1914, the area was formally united as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. Thus the North dominated the federation government from the beginning of independence. During his first days in office, President Babangida moved to restore freedom of the press and to release political detainees being held without charge. By Hameed Ajibola Jimoh Esq", "Nigerian Diaspora and Remittances: Transparency and market development", https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/igbo/hd_igbo.htm, "Nigeria EARLY HISTORY Sourced from The Library of Congress Country Studies", "The architecture and chemistry of a dug-out: the Dufuna Canoe in ethno-archaeological perspective", "Nigeria: Dufuna Canoe: a Bridge Across 8,000 Years", "The Nok of Nigeria - Archaeology Magazine Archive", "Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja", "Early West African Metallurgies: New Data and Old Orthodoxy", "Kanem-Bornu | historical empire, Africa | Britannica", "Islamic Schools, the Ulama, and the State in the Educational Development of Northern Nigeria", "Bayajidda HAUSA Historical Legend Myth or Reality", "The Evolution of the Aro Confederacy in Southeastern Nigeria, 1690-1720. The Niger has many rapids and waterfalls, but the Benue is not interrupted by either and is navigable throughout its length, except during the dry season. [95], The new president took over a country that faced many problems, including a dysfunctional bureaucracy, collapsed infrastructure, and a military that wanted a reward for returning quietly to the barracks. The entire territory of the Royal Niger Company came into the hands of the British government. The government also moved to recover millions of dollars in funds secreted to overseas accounts. As a consequence, Borno lost many northern territories to the Tuareg whose mobility allowed them to endure the famine more effectively. 34 sought to do away with the whole federal structure under which the Nigerian government had been organised since independence. Additional sanctions were imposed as a result of Nigeria's failure to gain full certification for its counter-narcotics efforts. Following World War II, in response to the growth of Nigerian nationalism and demands for independence, successive constitutions legislated by the British government moved Nigeria toward self-government on a representative and increasingly federal basis. The election was marred by electoral fraud, and denounced by other candidates and international observers.[102][103]. In general, the topography of Nigeria consists of plains in the north and south interrupted by plateaus and hills in the centre of the country. However, the republic was short-lived, as the military seized power again in 1983 and later ruled for ten years. Nigeria is the seventh-most populous country in the world, home to more than 200 million people. Kingdoms west of the River Niger like Aboh (Abo), which was significantly populated by Igbos among other tribes, dominated trade along the lower River Niger area from the 17th century until European explorations into the Niger delta. Britannica Quiz Geography Fun Facts Relief After a secret tribunal, most of the accused were convicted and several death sentences were handed down. [89], In 1982 the ruling National Party of Nigeria, a conservative alliance led by Shegu Shagari, had hoped to retain power through patronage and control over the Federal Election Commission. Nigeria is not only large in arealarger than the U.S. state of Texasbut also Africa 's most populous country. [108], The ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) candidate, Bola Tinubu, won the February 2023 presidential election to succeed Muhammadu Buhari as the next president of Nigeria. In April 1990 mid-level officers attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow the government and 69 accused plotters were executed after secret trials before military tribunals. However, the Igbo rejected attempts at constitutional revisions and insisted on full autonomy for the east. The Jos Plateau rises almost in the centre of the country; it consists of extensive lava surfaces dotted with numerous extinct volcanoes. Islam was used to reinforce the political and social structures of the state although many established customs were maintained. The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. Lagos, however, is not perceived as the "spiritual and bureaucratic capital of Africa"; Addis Ababa has that role.". [21][22] Radiocarbon dating of a sample of charcoal found near the site dates the canoe at 8,500 to 8,000 years old, linking the site to Lake Mega Chad. The tribunal sentenced Saro-Wiwa and eight others to death and they were executed on 10 November 1995. According to another legend, Eri was one of Gad's sons who traveled down to build modern-day Igboland, as described in the Bible's book of Genesis. They discovered that Nigerians have to be civilized so as to be good customers. They can be found in Idah, Igalamela/Odolu, Ajaka, Ofu, Olamaboro, Dekina, Bassa, Ankpa, omala, Lokoja, Ibaji, Ajaokuta, Lokoja and kotonkarfe Local government all in Kogi state. Lord Lugard Created Nigeria 104 Years Ago. The use of slave labour was extensive, especially in agriculture."[33]. Pin the Capital on the Country: Fact or Fiction? History & Background. While the hero had a child with the queen, Bawo, and another child with the queen's maid-servant, Karbagari. Ghana where he was still abroad the centre of the Igbo region and ruled... The northwestern and northeastern corners of the accused were convicted and several sentences! The sources used more than 200 million people 31, 1983, the area was formally united the... Country sliding into chaos Defense Minister Sani Abacha assumed power and forced Shonekan 's resignation 17! At constitutional revisions and insisted on full autonomy for the east Niger Company came into the hands the. 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