In a lysogenic cycle, the phage genome also enters the cell through attachment and penetration. 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"latency", "one-step multiplication curve", "generalized", "showtoc:no", "license:ccby", "licenseversion:40", "source@https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology" ], https://bio.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fbio.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FMicrobiology%2FMicrobiology_(OpenStax)%2F06%253A_Acellular_Pathogens%2F6.02%253A_The_Viral_Life_Cycle, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 6.3: Isolation, Culture, and Identification of Viruses, The Life Cycle of Viruses with Prokaryote Hosts, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.eb150318?lang=en, source@https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology, status page at https://status.libretexts.org, Describe the lytic and lysogenic life cycles, Describe the replication process of animal viruses, Describe unique characteristics of retroviruses and latent viruses, Discuss human viruses and their virus-host cell interactions, Describe the replication process of plant viruses. Filoviruses, including the Ebola virus, are transmitted through direct contact with bodily fluids from infected patients or other species (e.g., gorillas and chimpanzees). During the maturation phase, new virions are created. HIV, an enveloped, icosahedral retrovirus, attaches to a cell surface receptor of an immune cell and fuses with the cell membrane. During the lysogenic pathway, following penetration, the phage genome is integrated into the host cell genome, forming a prophage. The genus Ebolavirus consists of six species, but only four have been known to cause human disease: Zaire ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Tai Forest ebolavirus, and Bundibugyo ebolavirus. Since the DNA transferred by the phage is not randomly packaged but is instead a specific piece of DNA near the site of integration, this mechanism of gene transfer is referred to as specialized transduction (see Figure 6.9). Symptoms may appear anywhere from 2 to 21 days after exposure to the virus. However, one of the nurses charged with Duncans care did become infected. Most plant viruses are transmitted by contact between plants, or by fungi, nematodes, insects, or other arthropods that act as mechanical vectors. It can switch between the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle. Others become proviruses by integrating into the host genome. Ebola, however, only goes through the lytic cycle - not the lysogenic cycle. Ebola virus is transmitted through direct contact with droplets of bodily fluids such as saliva, blood, and vomit. Once the virus is inside the cell, other processes such as uncoating, fusion, transcription, replication, and assembly occur with the aid of several proteins. The underlying mechanism has to do with a protein cascade involving either the cro or cI protein that is encoded by the virus. - Definition, Structure & Function, Shapes of a Virus: Helical, Icosahedral, Prolate, Complex & Enveloped, Classification of Viruses: Viral Genome and Replication Scheme, The Life Cycle of a Virus: How Viruses Live, Attack & Replicate, Lytic Cycle of a Virus: Definition & Steps, Lysogenic Cycle of a Virus: Definition & Steps, Ebola Virus Life Cycle: Definition & Stages, How Viruses Mutate: Antigenic Drift and Antigenic Shift, Prentice Hall Biology: Online Textbook Help, Praxis Family and Consumer Sciences (5122) Prep, College Chemistry: Homework Help Resource, SAT Subject Test Chemistry: Practice and Study Guide, ILTS Science - Environmental Science (112): Test Practice and Study Guide, Human Anatomy & Physiology: Help and Review, FTCE Middle Grades General Science 5-9 (004) Prep, Environmental Science 101: Environment and Humanity, Potassium Bromide: Formula & Side Effects, What is a Benign Tumor? Note that in this example the pathogen is shown as a bacteriophage, which infects a bacterium. Transduction occurs when a bacteriophage transfers bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another during sequential infections. If the viral genome is RNA, a different mechanism must be used. The phages infecting these bacteria carry the toxin genes in their genome and enhance the virulence of the host when the toxin genes are expressed. The process in which a bacterium is infected by a temperate phage is called lysogeny. Eventually, the damage to the immune system results in progression of the disease leading to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Later that month, the WHO released a report on the ethics of treating patients with the drug. Human Lysogenic Viruses. Plant viruses are more similar to animal viruses than they are to bacteriophages. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Viral infection can be asymptomatic (latent) or can lead to cell death (lytic infection). The integrated phage genome is called a prophage. Once the Ebola virus enters the cell, unknown factors trigger the uncoating of the nucleocapsids enveloping the viral RNA. It is typical of temperate phages to be latent or inactive within the cell. Attachment is the first stage in the infection process in which the phage interacts with specific bacterial surface receptors (e.g., lipopolysaccharides and OmpC protein on host surfaces). About 10 to 12 days postinfection, the disease resolves and the virus goes dormant, living within nerve-cell ganglia for years. 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